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The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values – a range with clearly defined and finite upper and lower boundaries – roughly signifying what might otherwise be communicated by the word 'through' in American English, or 'to' in International English. This is in contrast to the em dash, which is usually closed, though a common exception of this rule is in newspapers. It is usually held that, when used as an interrupter, the en dash should be 'open', spaced on both sides. as an interrupter at sentence level, substituting for a pair of commas, parentheses, or to indicate a rhetorical pause.as a substitute for a hyphen in a compound when one of the connected items is more complex than a single word.to connect symmetric items, such as the two ends of a range or two competitors or alternatives.The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the upper-case letters N and M, respectively, Īnd at other times to the widths of the lower-case letters. In modern fonts, the length of the en dash is not standardized, and the en dash is often more than half the width of the em dash. The en dash, en rule, or nut dash – is traditionally half the width of an em dash. The Linux Libertine font also has the figure dash glyph. In TeX, the standard fonts have no figure dash however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be a substitution for the figure dash. In informal usage, the hyphen-minus - ( U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS), provided as standard on most keyboards, is often used instead of the figure dash.

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The minus sign − ( U+2212 − MINUS SIGN) glyph is generally set a little higher, so as to be level with the horizontal bar of the plus sign. In contrast, the en dash – ( U+2013 – EN DASH) is generally used for a range of values. (Most fonts have digits of equal width.) It is used within numbers such as the phone number 555‒0199, especially in columns so as to maintain alignment. The figure dash ‒ ( U+2012 ‒ FIGURE DASH) has the same width as a numerical digit. A horizontal bar (also called quotation dash) or the em dash, but not the en dash, introduces quoted text.The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was fought in western Pennsylvania and along the present US–Canada border An en dash, but not an em dash, indicates spans or differentiation, where it may replace 'and', 'to', or 'through'.Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons – his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded.Ī flock of sparrows – some of them juveniles – alighted and sang. Glitter, felt, yarn, and buttons-his kitchen looked as if a clown had exploded.Ī flock of sparrows-some of them juveniles-alighted and sang.

An (unspaced) em dash or a spaced en dash can be used to mark a break in a sentence, and a pair can be used to set off a parenthetical statement.

Usage varies both within English and within other languages, but the usual conventions for the most common dashes in printed English text are these: To scratch your Head, and bite your Nails.

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